Repentance (Greek metanoeō) always refers to a change of mind. It is a mental shift—a reorientation of one’s thinking in response to divine truth. This change of mind may produce emotion or lead to action, but its essence is internal and volitional. Scripture uses the concept of repentance for both unbelievers (Acts 17:30; 20:21) and believers (Rev 2:5, 16; 3:3, 19), though the object and outcome of the change differ depending on context.
The first application is for the unbeliever, and we might call it salvific repentance. This refers to a change of mind about Christ—who He is and what He has done—resulting in faith in Him as Savior (John 3:16; 20:31). Paul pointed to this when he said, “God is now declaring to men that all people everywhere should repent” (Acts 17:30). In this passage, repentance means turning from false views of God and embracing the risen Christ. After Paul’s message, “some men joined him and believed” (Acts 17:34)—that is, they believed in Jesus as their Savior. Elsewhere, Paul described his evangelistic ministry as “solemnly testifying to both Jews and Greeks of repentance toward God and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ” (Acts 20:21). Here, repentance is best understood as a change of mind—specifically, a shift from self-reliance or unbelief to acknowledging God’s truth. It is not about turning from sin in a behavioral sense but rather reorienting one’s thinking toward God. The second element, faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, refers to personal trust in Christ as Savior—the only means of receiving eternal life (John 3:16; Acts 4:12; 16:31). Paul’s message was consistent to all people, Jew and Gentile alike: salvation is by grace through faith, apart from works, grounded solely in Christ’s finished work.
Salvific repentance is not a call to stop sinning, clean up one’s life, or make moral resolutions. Those ideas import works into the gospel and compromise its grace. The consistent biblical call to the unbeliever is to “Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and you will be saved” (Acts 16:31; cf. John 3:16). In evangelistic contexts, repentance refers to turning from unbelief to belief—from trusting in idols, works, or self, to trusting in the crucified and risen Christ alone. The person who believes in Jesus has necessarily repented in the only way required for justification. Repentance and faith are closely linked—like two sides of the same coin: the change of mind turns one toward Christ, and faith receives the gift of eternal life (Rom 4:5; 6:23; Eph 2:8–9). There is no demand to reform or resolve—only to believe in Jesus as Savior, for “whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16).
The second application of repentance is for the believer, and we may refer to it as sanctification repentance. Here, repentance still means a change of mind, but the issue is not salvation—it is sanctification. It is not about eternal destiny, but about fellowship and spiritual usefulness. In Revelation 2–3, Jesus repeatedly commands believers—members of local churches—to repent (Rev 2:5, 16; 3:3, 19). To the believers in Ephesus, He said, “remember from where you have fallen, and repent and do the deeds you did at first” (Rev 2:5). These are regenerate individuals who have drifted into spiritual compromise, carnality, or apathy. The command is not to “get saved again,” but to recalibrate their thinking, acknowledge their spiritual condition, and return to faithful obedience to the Lord.
Sanctification repentance is God’s directive to His children to return to fellowship and resume the walk of faith (2 Cor 5:7).[1] Humble believers will heed the Lord’s correction and respond with obedience. They will be like the prodigal son who “came to his senses” (Luke 15:17), changed his mind about his self-destructive path, and returned to his father. Arrogant believers, by contrast, will resist the Lord’s correction, and He will discipline them for their rebellion (Rev 3:19). This discipline is not punitive in the eternal sense, but it is real—meant to correct, train, and restore the believer to fellowship, fruitfulness, and blessing.
In closing, it is vital that we preserve the biblical distinction between salvific repentance and sanctification repentance. Confusing justification and sanctification leads to doctrinal distortion and undermines the clarity of the gospel. Faith alone secures eternal life; obedience flows from a life of growth and surrender. Repentance functions in both spheres, but the object and outcome differ. Keeping this distinction clear protects the message of grace and honors the seriousness of discipleship.
Dr. Steven R. Cook
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[1] Christian faith can express itself in different ways depending on its object and context. At times, faith is entirely mental—a quiet confidence in God’s Word. For instance, when a believer claims a promise (like Phil 4:19 or Rom 8:28), this faith operates internally. It’s unseen, yet real, as the believer trusts God’s character and rests in His provision, timing, or sovereignty. Abraham believed God’s promise about his descendants long before Isaac was born (Rom 4:20-21)—that was purely mental faith, with no outward action at the moment, but full conviction nonetheless. However, faith can also lead to outward change, not to prove it’s real, but because God’s truth impacts how we live. When a believer trusts what God says about the power of the tongue (Prov 18:21; Jam 3:9-10), that faith may lead them to speak more graciously. Trusting God’s Word on stewardship (2 Cor 9:6-8) may result in a new pattern of giving. In this sense, faith motivates behavioral change—how one talks, spends time, or handles resources—not to earn favor with God, but in response to what He has already revealed as true. So, while faith is always internal in essence (Heb 11:1), it may either remain a quiet trust or overflow into visible actions, depending on what truth is being believed.
Is there sorrow that leads to repentance? Yes, there can be true sorrow that leads to repentance. In his second letter to the Corinthians, Paul said, “the sorrow that is according to the will of God produces a repentance without regret, leading to salvation, but the sorrow of the world produces death” (2 Cor 7:10). Though sorrow may lead to repentance, it does not always do so, as “the sorrow of the world produces death” and not salvation (2 Cor 7:10b). That is, one may be sorrowful, and yet never turn to Christ. Judas, when he betrayed Christ, “felt remorse” for his actions (Matt 27:3), and then “went away and hanged himself” (Matt 27:5). Arnold Fruchtenbaum notes, “If repentance is used merely as a synonym for believing in the Messiah—the way the Bible uses it—only in that sense is it truly a condition for salvation. But if—as some groups use it—repentance means ‘to feel sorry for one’s sins,’ then it indeed becomes a false addition to salvation.”
Is repentance necessary for eternal salvation? Yes, repentance is necessary concerning salvation if one understands it to mean having a change of mind about salvation being obtained solely in Christ. Unbelievers cannot stop sinning, which means they cannot save themselves, and their good works have no saving merit (Isa 64:6; Gal 2:16; Eph 2:8-9; Tit 3:5). The lost need to understand that salvation is 100% in Christ alone. Peter said, “there is salvation in no one else; for there is no other name under heaven that has been given among men by which we must be saved” (Acts 4:12). And when the Philippian Jailer asked Paul and Silas, “Sirs, what must I do to be saved?” (Acts 16:30), the simple reply was given, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved” (Acts 16:31). The gospel is simple. It means believing in the One who died for our sins, was buried, and raised again on the third day, as Scripture teaches (1 Cor 15:3-4). And salvation is by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone (John 3:16), and not by any human effort (Eph 2:8-9; Tit 3:5), for “the one who does not work, but believes in Him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is credited as righteousness” (Rom 4:5). For Christians, turning from a life of sin and producing good works should follow salvation (Eph 2:10; Gal 6:10), but they are never a condition of it. Robert B. Thieme Jr., states, “Salvation repentance occurs when the unbeliever hears the Gospel, understands it, and makes a decision to accept Christ’s saving work (Luke 13:3, 5; Acts 17:30; 2 Pet 3:9). Believing in the Gospel message and repenting inherently operate together (Acts 20:21; Mark 1:14–15).”