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The Lake of Fire is Forever

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The lake of fire is the final place of eternal punishment, described as “the second death,” where conscious separation from God is permanently experienced (Rev. 20:14). It was created originally for Satan and fallen angels as the ultimate expression of God’s righteous judgment against irrevocable rebellion, as Jesus stated, “the eternal fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels” (Matt. 25:41). According to Fruchtenbaum, “the Lake of Fire is the eternal abode of all lost ones, both angels and men.”[1] Those people who go there are all who remain outside of Christ, having rejected God’s provision of eternal life, and whose names are “not found written in the book of life” (Rev. 20:15). Demy states, “According to Revelation 20:11–15, unbelievers will be cast into the lake of fire after the Great White Throne judgment at the end of the millennium and remain there forever.”[2]

The Lake of Fire is Forever

Scripture presents the lake of fire as eternal because it is described with the same unqualified duration language used for God’s own life and for the believer’s eternal destiny. Jesus stated, “These will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life” (Matt. 25:46). The key Greek adjective in Matthew 25:46 is aiōnios which denotes “a period of unending duration, without end.”[3] The parallelism is significant. The same adjective modifies both destinies. If eternal life is unending, eternal punishment must be unending as well. Any attempt to limit the duration of the punishment logically undermines the permanence of life. The same word describes God Himself as “the eternal God” (Rom. 16:26). If aiōnios were limited in duration, God’s existence would be limited as well. Context governs meaning, and the context of final judgment demands permanence.

Revelation reinforces this conclusion with even stronger language. The devil, the beast, and the false prophet are thrown into the lake of fire and are said to be “tormented day and night forever and ever” (Rev. 20:10). The Greek phrase eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn is the strongest possible Greek construction for endless duration. It is used repeatedly in Revelation for God’s eternal reign and glory (Rev. 1:6; 4:9–10; 5:13; 10:6; 11:15). When unbelievers are later cast into the same lake of fire (Rev. 20:14–15), the text gives no hint of a different outcome or duration. The place, the punishment, and the language are identical.

Another significant term is basanizō, translated “tormented” (Rev. 20:10). It denotes conscious, ongoing suffering, not annihilation or momentary pain. In Revelation 20:10, it refers to “the eternal torment that comes upon the devil, the beast, the false prophet, and those who worship the beast.”[4] Likewise, Revelation 14:11 states, “the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever; they have no rest day and night.” The expression “no rest” rules out cessation of existence. Annihilation would bring rest. Scripture denies it.

Finally, the lake of fire is eternal because it is the final state, not a corrective or purifying phase. Revelation 20–22 presents a closed eschatological sequence: final judgment, eternal punishment, then the new heaven and new earth. There is no subsequent release, restoration, or end to judgment. The lake of fire is described as “the second death” (Rev. 20:14), not because existence ceases, but because it is irreversible separation from God, experienced consciously and forever. Eternal judgment is eternal because God says it is, using the same words He uses for eternal life.

The Lake of Fire is Avoidable

No one has to go to the lake of fire. It is entirely avoidable because God has provided a complete and sufficient rescue through the person and work of Jesus Christ. Jesus declared, “Truly, truly, I say to you, he who hears My word, and believes Him who sent Me, has eternal life, and does not come into judgment, but has passed out of death into life” (John 5:24). The issue is not moral reform, religious effort, or perseverance in works, but faith alone in Christ alone. Scripture states, “whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16b), and “He who believes in Him is not judged; he who does not believe has been judged already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God” (John 3:18). Christ “died for sins once for all, the just for the unjust, so that He might bring us to God” (1 Pet. 3:18). Jesus died for everyone (1 John 2:2; 2 Cor. 5:14–15), which makes everyone savable (John 3:16; 1 Tim. 2:4), but the benefits of the cross are applied only to those who believe in Him (John 1:12).

Eternal life is offered as a gift, not a wage: “For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Rom. 6:23). Jesus is the eternal Son of God (John 1:1, 14), who took upon Himself true humanity (Phil. 2:6–7; Heb. 2:14), lived a perfectly righteous and sinless life (1 Pet. 2:22; 1 John 3:5), and willingly went to the cross (John 10:17–18), where He died for our sins as a substitutionary sacrifice (Isa. 53:5–6; 1 Cor. 15:3). He was buried, confirming the reality of His death (Matt. 27:57–60; 1 Cor. 15:4), and was raised bodily on the third day (1 Cor. 15:4; Luke 24:6–7), conquering sin and death (Rom. 4:25; 1 Cor. 15:54–57). Now He offers eternal life freely to all who receive it by faith alone (John 3:16; 5:24; Eph. 2:8–9). At the moment of faith, the believer is justified (Rom. 3:28; 5:1), forgiven (Eph. 1:7; Col. 2:13), and sealed by the Holy Spirit (Eph. 1:13–14). Final judgment is no longer a threat (John 5:24; 10:28–29), because “there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus” (Rom. 8:1). The matter is simple: “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved” (Acts 16:31).

Steven R. Cook, D.Min., M.Div.

If this article has enriched your understanding and walk with Christ, and you feel led to support my ministry, your generosity is greatly appreciated. Your gifts enable me to continue sharing the gospel of grace and providing in-depth biblical teachings. Thank you for partnering with me in this mission.

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[1] Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of the Messiah: A Study of the Sequence of Prophetic Events, Rev. ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 745.

[2] Timothy J. Demy, “Lake of Fire,” in The Harvest Handbook of Bible Prophecy, (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2020), 212.

[3] William Arndt et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 33.

[4] Christopher A. Beetham, ed., “Βασανίζω,” in Concise New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Academic, 2021), 137.

The Great White Throne Judgment

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The Great White Throne Judgment is the final courtroom scene in human history. It’s not a trial—it’s a sentencing. The evidence is already in. This is God’s last judgment on all unbelievers from every dispensation, from Cain to the last rebel at the end of the Millennium. It is described in Rev 20:11-15, and make no mistake—no believer will be present at this judgment (John 3:16-18; Rom 8:1). If you’re at the Great White Throne, you’re already on the wrong side of history—and eternity. The Judge is the Lord Jesus Christ, as Jesus said, “For not even the Father judges anyone, but He has given all judgment to the Son” (John 5:22). He sits on the Great White Throne, pure and blinding in righteousness and justice. Heaven and earth flee away—no place to hide, no defense attorneys, no character witnesses. Just perfect divine integrity measuring every unbeliever by the only standard that counts—God’s absolute righteousness.

Now observe the divine irony: these individuals are judged “according to their deeds” (Rev 20:12). Why? Because they rejected God’s grace. They refused the imputed righteousness of Christ (Rom 5:17; Phil 3:9) and chose to stand before God on their own works. So God gives them what they wanted—evaluation by their own human good. But Isaiah already told us how that ends, that “all our righteous deeds are like a filthy garment” (Isa 64:6). Human good has no saving value in God’s sight (Rom 4:4-5) and cannot measure up to divine righteousness. These books are opened to reveal that no matter how moral, religious, sincere, or well-intentioned, none of it comes close to God’s standard.

Then comes the final verdict, where John states, “And if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15). The lake of fire is populated by people who rejected the one solution to sin—faith alone in Christ alone. Now contrast that with God’s free gift. Paul wrote, “For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Rom 6:23). That verse says it all. Sin pays a wage: death—spiritual death, eternal separation from God. But God offers the opposite, a gift: eternal life. Not earned. Not deserved. No religious strings. No behavioral conditions. Just simple grace. It’s free to us because it cost Christ everything. And because Christ died for everyone (Rom 5:8; 1 John 2:2), everyone is savable (John 3:16; 1 Tim 2:4; 2 Pet 3:9)

How does God’s free gift of eternal life save from the lake of fire? The moment a person believes in Jesus Christ, the eternal life of God is imputed, given instantly, irrevocably (John 3:16; 5:24; 10:28). Your name is recorded forever in the Lamb’s Book of Life (Luke 10:20; Phil 4:3). You’re given God’s gift of righteousness (Phil 3:9), justified by faith (Rom 3:28; 5:1), regenerated by the Holy Spirit (Tit 3:5), and sealed unto the day of redemption (Eph 1:13-14). That means you’re not showing up at the Great White Throne. Instead, you will stand with other believers at the Judgment Seat of Christ, where rewards—not condemnation—are given (Rom 14:10; 1 Cor 3:12-15; 2 Cor 5:10). There is no possibility for Christians to be in the lake of fire, for “there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus” (Rom 8:1).

The lake of fire is the logical end for those who say “no thanks” to the gospel of grace. The gift of eternal life is God’s rescue from that destiny. It is received the only way God will accept—by grace alone (Rom 6:23; Eph 2:8-9), through faith alone (Rom 3:28; Gal 2:16), in Christ alone (John 14:6; Acts 4:12), totally apart from works (Rom 4:4-5; Eph 2:8-9). The issue in salvation isn’t your sins—that was handled at the cross. The issue is “What do you think of Christ?” (Matt 22:42). God’s Word says, “whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16b), and “He who believes in the Son has eternal life; but he who does not believe in the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him” (John 3:36).

You trust Him, you’re in forever. You reject Him, you face the final verdict. Got eternal life? Then you’ve passed from death into life and will “not come into judgment” (John 5:24). Case dismissed.

Dr. Steven R. Cook

If this article has enriched your understanding and walk with Christ, and you feel led to support my ministry, your generosity is greatly appreciated. Your gifts enable me to continue sharing the gospel of grace and providing in-depth biblical teachings. Thank you for partnering with me in this mission.

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How to Avoid the Lake of Fire

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The term, lake of fire, itself appears in Revelation, where it is linked to the final judgment at the Great White Throne (Rev 20:11-15). The lake of fire is the final place of judgment for Satan, his demons, and all unbelievers. It is described as a place of eternal torment, separation from God, and unquenchable fire (Rev 20:10, 14-15). We are told, “And if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15). This judgment is irreversible and eternal, marking the complete and final separation from God.

Eternal suffering in the lake of fire is described as a state of eternal conscious torment (Matt 25:41, 46; Mark 9:43-48; Rev 14:10-11). Jesus spoke repeatedly of hell (Gehenna) as a place of “weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Matt 13:42, 50), emphasizing its severity. The fire is “unquenchable,” and the worm “does not die” (Mark 9:48), indicating perpetual suffering. This judgment is not arbitrary but is the result of rejecting God’s free gift of eternal life through faith in Christ. Personal faith is the issue. Each person must believe in Jesus. The Scripture says, “the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Rom 6:23b).

Eternal life is described as a gift, meaning we don’t work for it, earn it, or deserve it. It’s not about morality, religious rituals, or any human effort. This gift wasn’t free to Christ—it was purchased at infinite cost. On the cross, He took the full brunt of God’s judgment, bearing our sin, paying our debt in full, and satisfying divine righteousness once and for all. The issue of sin has been settled. Now that the debt is paid, there’s nothing left for us to contribute. No penance, no promises, no emotional experiences. What does God require? Faith alone in Christ alone. To believe in Jesus as Savior means to trust Him at His Word—that He did all the work on our behalf. When we believe in Him, we receive eternal life instantly, irrevocably, and permanently. We don’t feel it, work it up, or negotiate for it. It’s grace, pure and simple. Christ did the work; we get the benefit. And possessing eternal life means we will never experience the lake of fire, for “there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus” (Rom 8:1).

The way to avoid the lake of fire is to believe in the Lord Jesus Christ. Salvation is by grace alone (Eph 2:8-9), through faith alone (Rom 3:28), in Christ alone (John 14:6; Acts 4:12). Jesus bore the full penalty for sin on the cross (Mark 10:45; 2 Cor 5:21; 1 Pet 3:18; 2:24), so that anyone who believes in Him receives forgiveness of sin (Acts 10:43) and eternal life and will never come into condemnation (John 5:24; Rom 8:1). We’re old, “whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16), and “He who believes in the Son has eternal life; but he who does not believe in the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him” (John 3:36).

I don’t want anyone to spend eternity in the lake of fire. It’s a real place of eternal suffering, and it saddens me that many will go there when they do not have to. Turn to Christ. Believe in Him. His offers forgiveness of sins and eternal life for all who want it. Scripture tells us, “everyone who believes in Him receives forgiveness of sins” (Acts 10:43), and “everyone who believes in Him will have eternal life” (John 3:15).

Dr. Steven R. Cook

If this article has enriched your understanding and walk with Christ, and you feel led to support my ministry, your generosity is greatly appreciated. Your gifts enable me to continue sharing the gospel of grace and providing in-depth biblical teachings. Thank you for partnering with me in this mission.

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Two Judgments in Eternity

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Every human being—believer and unbeliever alike—will stand before God to be judged, but the nature of that judgment differs based on one’s relationship with Jesus Christ. The Bible presents two distinct judgments: the Judgment Seat of Christ (Bema Seat) for believers and the Great White Throne Judgment for unbelievers.

Judgment for Believers

For those who have placed their faith in Christ alone, their eternal destiny is secure, “whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16), and “He who believes in the Son has eternal life; but he who does not believe in the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him” (John 3:36). This wonderful gift—eternal life—is given to us at the moment of faith in Christ, for “the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Rom 6:23). It is received by grace alone, through faith alone, totally apart from works (Rom 4:4-5; Gal 2:16; Eph 2:8-9; Tit 3:5). Those who possess eternal life will never face the lake of fire, for “there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus” (Rom 8:1). However, though we will never face condemnation, we will stand before the Judgment Seat of Christ (Bema Seat)—not to determine salvation, but to evaluate our service, spiritual growth, and production during our time on earth.

This judgment will take place after the rapture of the Church (John 14:1-3; 1 Cor 15:50-53; Phil 3:20-21; 1 Th 1:1:10; 4:13-18; Tit 2:13; Rev 3:10). Concerning this judgment, Paul wrote, “For we will all stand before the judgment seat of God…[and] each one of us will give an account of himself to God” (Rom 14:10, 12). Elsewhere he wrote, “For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may be recompensed for his deeds in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad” (2 Cor 5:10).

At the Bema Seat judgment, Christ will evaluate our deeds, determining rewards or the loss of rewards (1 Cor 3:11-15). Works done in the power of the Holy Spirit and according to divine viewpoint will be classified as gold, silver, and precious stones. These will stand the test of divine evaluation, and each believer will be rewarded. However, works performed in the energy of the flesh—human effort apart from divine power—are classified as wood, hay, and straw, and will be burned up (1 Cor 3:12-15). The believer himself will still be saved, but his rewards will be diminished if his life was characterized by carnality rather than spiritual growth.

The rewards granted at the Bema Seat judgment include crowns, increased capacity for service and worship in eternity, and special honors given by Christ Himself (1 Cor 9:25; 2 Tim 4:8; Rev 2:26-27). This judgment is not punitive, as “there is no condemnation for those who are in Christ” (Rom 8:1)—but it is a serious evaluation of how each believer stewarded his time, talents, and doctrine in the spiritual life.

Judgment for Unbelievers

For those who reject Christ, their destiny is already sealed—eternal separation from God in the lake of fire. They will spend eternity apart from Him, for “he who does not believe in the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him” (John 3:36). These unbelievers “will pay the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power” (2 Th 1:9). All unbelievers will stand before God at the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev 20:11-15). This judgment does not determine whether they will be condemned—that verdict was already rendered by their rejection of Christ—but rather the degree of their punishment in eternity.

At this judgment, all unbelievers from every age will be resurrected to stand before God. Because they rejected His perfect righteousness—His gift of righteousness (Rom 5:17; 2 Cor 5:21; Phil 3:9)—they will be judged according to their own works, which are utterly insufficient to meet God’s perfect standard (Isa 64:6; Rom 3:10-12). Their names will not be found in the Book of Life, confirming their eternal separation from God. As John wrote, “And if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15).

While all unbelievers will suffer eternal punishment, the severity of that punishment will vary based on their deeds (Matt 11:21-24; Luke 12:47-48). Just as there are varying degrees of reward for believers, there are varying degrees of torment for the lost. The greater the rejection of truth, the greater the accountability. Those who had more exposure to God’s revelation but still rejected it will face a more severe judgment. Moral unbelievers will suffer less than immoral unbelievers.

In conclusion, every person will stand before God—believers at the Bema Seat for the purpose of rewards and unbelievers at the Great White Throne for the determination of their punishment. The Bema is an evaluation of faithfulness, while the Great White Throne is the final sentencing of those who refused to believe in Christ. One results in eternal rewards; the other, in eternal punishment. The issue is faith in Christ. Those who believe in Him for eternal life will never face condemnation (John 3:18), while those who reject Him remain under divine wrath (John 3:36). Choose Christ, and you choose eternal life, for “whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16b).

Dr. Steven R. Cook

If this article has enriched your understanding and walk with Christ, and you feel led to support my ministry, your generosity is greatly appreciated. Your gifts enable me to continue sharing the gospel of grace and providing in-depth biblical teachings. Thank you for partnering with me in this mission.

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Jesus Died Twice on the Cross

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Introduction

The main point of this article is that Jesus, in His humanity, was forsaken by God the Father for three hours while bearing the punishment for our sins on the cross. During these three hours, Jesus experienced a judicial separation from the Father, which is what is meant by spiritual death. This spiritual-judicial separation was necessary for Him to fully atone for humanity’s sins.

Jesus CrucifiedAccording to the Bible, death means separation, not cessation. Spiritual death is separation from God in time. Physical death is the separation of the soul from the body. The Bible teaches that Jesus’ experience on the cross for three hours involved two categories of death: spiritual and physical. The reason Jesus experienced these two kinds of death is because humanity experiences both spiritual and physical death. If Jesus is going to represent humanity on the cross, then He must experience the same kind of death. All humanity is spiritually dead. Jesus died for everyone. This means Jesus experienced spiritual death. If He is going to save us from our sins, then He must experience the same kind of death as those He’s representing on the cross.

The Meaning of Death

Adam and EveThere are different kinds of death mentioned in the Bible. Biblically, death means separation, not cessation. The three major kinds of death mentioned in Scripture include: 1) spiritual death, which is separation from God in time (Gen 2:16-17; 3:1-7; Rom 5:12; Eph 2:1-2), 2) physical death, which is the separation of the human spirit from the body (Gen 35:18; Eccl 12:7; 2 Cor 5:8; Phil 1:23-24; 2 Tim 4:6; Jam 2:26), and 3) the second death (aka eternal death), which is the perpetuation of physical and spiritual separation from God for all eternity (Rev 20:11-15). Spiritual and physical death were introduced into God’s creation when the first human, Adam, sinned against God. God told Adam, “From the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat from it you will surely die” (Gen 2:17). The phrase “in the day” means Adam’s sin instantly brought spiritual death (Gen 2:15-17; 3:1-7), but not immediate physical death, as he tried to hide physically from God (Gen 3:8-10). Later, Adam died physically at the age of nine hundred and thirty (Gen 5:5). Though Adam was restored in his relationship with God (Gen 3:21), his single sin introduced death, in every form, into the world (Rom 5:12-14; Eph 2:1-2). Tom Stegall states:

Did Adam die “in the day” that he ate? Was God’s Word literally fulfilled? Yes! Adam died spiritually in the sense of being separated in his relationship with God. Obviously, Adam did not die physically that day since Genesis 5:5 states that he went on to live for hundreds of years before dying at the age of 930. But, as soon as Adam sinned, he died immediately in a spiritual sense toward God and he began the long, slow process of bodily degeneration under the curse, leading to physical death hundreds of years later. The example of Adam helps us to see how it was possible for Christ to be physically alive on the cross, while at the same time undergoing a spiritual death or judicial separation from God the Father.[1]

Except for Christ, all are born in Adam (1 Cor 15:21-22), inherit his original sin (Rom 5:12), and are spiritually dead and separated from God in time (Eph 2:1-2). Those who reject Jesus as Savior will experience the second death in the lake of fire (Rev 20:14-15).

Jesus Bore our Sins on the Cross

Jesus CrucifiedThe Bible teaches that sin creates a separation between God and people. God said of His people, “Your iniquities have made a separation between you and your God, and your sins have hidden His face from you so that He does not hear” (Isa 59:2). When Jesus died on the cross, He took all our sins upon Himself and died in our place. This did not make Christ a sinner, as that is not possible. It simply means our sins were imputed to Him on the cross. The fact that our sins were placed on Jesus in a real way is plainly taught in God’s Word. Scripture states, “The LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all” (Isa 53:6) and “He will bear their iniquities” (Isa 53:11). Additionally, Jesus was “an offering for sin…in the flesh” (Rom 8:3), was made “to be sin on our behalf” (2 Cor 5:21), “tasted death for everyone” (Heb 2:9), was “offered once to bear the sins of many” (Heb 9:28), and “bore our sins in His body on the cross” (1 Pet 2:24). The reference to “His body” speaks of Jesus’ humanity and not His deity.

The record of Scripture is that Jesus “knew no sin” (2 Cor 5:21), was “without sin” (Heb 4:15), “committed no sin” (1 Pet 2:22), and “in Him there is no sin” (1 John 3:5). In His humanity, Jesus walked in perfect conformity to God the Father’s holy character and divine revelation. Though sinless, Jesus bore our sins in His humanity on the cross. As our sins were placed on Him, He was, for a short time, in His humanity, forsaken by God the Father. This judicial separation was the time when Jesus died as our substitute and paid the full penalty for all our sins (Mark 10:45; Rom 5:8; 1 Pet 3:18).

Jesus was Forsaken on the Cross

While Jesus was bearing our sins on the cross, He was briefly separated from God the Father. This is reflected in His words, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt 27:46). The word “forsaken” translates the Greek verb egkataleipō (ἐγκαταλείπω), which, according to BDAG, means “to separate connection with someone or something; forsake, abandon, desert.”[2] The same Greek word is used elsewhere to describe the literal separation of one person from another (2 Tim 4:10, 16). Jesus was not speaking metaphorically; He was speaking literally. When Jesus used the word “forsaken,” He was referring to the Father’s judicial separation from Him while He was bearing the punishment for our sins. These words, spoken from His humanity (not His deity), indicate that He was briefly alone while being judged by God the Father. This was a judicial act as Jesus bore our sins. John Walvoord states, “God the Father had to turn away as Jesus bore the curse and identified Himself with the sins of the whole world.”[3] William MacDonald states, “Because God is holy, He cannot overlook sin…When God, as Judge, looked down and saw our sins upon the sinless Substitute, He withdrew from the Son of His love.”[4] Since Jesus actually bore our sins, it follows that He experienced the same kind death we faced, separation from God in time (i.e., spiritual death). Warren Wiersbe states, “It was during the time of darkness that Jesus had been made sin for us (2 Cor 5:21). He had been forsaken by the Father! That darkness was a symbol of the judgment that He endured when He was ‘made a curse’ for us (Gal. 3:13).”[5]

Some might argue that Jesus was not actually forsaken but only felt that way while on the cross. Jesus certainly felt forsaken by the Father because He was forsaken. Jesus’ feelings agreed with the facts of the situation. He knew exactly why He was forsaken: He was being judged for our sins “to give His life a ransom for many” (Mark 10:45). Though we might struggle to understand His words on the cross, they are clear and true. Jesus was indeed forsaken by God the Father. Wayne Grudem states, “As Jesus bore our sins on the cross, he was abandoned by his heavenly Father, who is ‘of purer eyes than to behold evil’ (Hab 1:13).”[6] D. A. Carson states, “It is better to take the words at face value: Jesus is conscious of being abandoned by his Father.”[7] Jesus’ words must be understood as coming from His humanity and not His deity, for there can be no separation within the Trinity itself. Such a thing is not possible. According to Charles Ryrie, “In that work He had to be forsaken by God, and yet at the same time there was no splitting up of the trinity.”[8] Tom Stegall correctly notes:

Saying that Jesus was “judicially forsaken” is a vital qualification regarding the spiritual aspect of Christ’s substitutionary death. The Son of God was not spatially or ontologically separated from God the Father and God the Holy Spirit since it is impossible for God in His essence or being to be separated. Christ’s separation from the Father was a judicial and relational act of judgment, not a metaphysical or spatial separation, as if God the Son ceased to be a member of the Triune Godhead for the finite period in which He died in our place.[9]

The abandonment of Jesus in His humanity was temporary. It was only for the three hours as He was bearing our sins on the cross that He experienced spiritual death (i.e. a brief separation from God in time). Previously, Jesus had told His disciples, “I go to the Father” (John 14:28; 16:10, 17), which meant He knew the work on the cross was temporary. And after He’d paid the full price for our sins, He said, “It is finished” (John 19:30a). This meant the temporary suffering of Christ was over, and the payment for our sins had been paid in full. Then, being fully restored to His Father, Jesus said, “Father, into Your hands I commit My spirit” (Luke 23:46).

Jesus Died Spiritually and Physically

It follows that for Jesus’ sacrifice to be complete and fully efficacious for the redemption of humanity, He had to endure all aspects of death, including brief spiritual death (i.e., separation from God in time). Because Adam experienced a spiritual death (separation from God in time), and later a physical death (separation of his immaterial nature from his body), it only stands to reason that the last Adam, Jesus, would experience the same kinds of death as Adam and all humanity. If Jesus did not die for our sins in the fullest sense, then it leaves a question about the efficacy of His atoning death on the cross.

Both physical and spiritual death relate to Jesus’ humanity and not His deity. In His humanity, Jesus’ fellowship with the Father was temporarily broken during the three hours He was being judged for our sin. This was while God the Father poured out His wrath upon His Son who paid the penalty for our sins. Jesus’ spiritual death should not be understood to mean that there was a break in the essence of the Trinity, for that is not possible. In the hypostatic union, Jesus is undiminished deity and perfect humanity, and it was only His humanity that bore our sin, not His deity, for sin cannot be imputed to deity, for that would contaminate and corrupt God Himself. It was Jesus’ humanity that bore our sins on the cross. The writer to the Hebrews cites the words of God the Son as He was about to enter the world, saying, “Therefore, when He comes into the world [in hypostatic union], He says, ‘Sacrifice and offering You have not desired, but a body You have prepared for Me’” (Heb 10:5). Because animal sacrifices under the Mosaic law code could never take away sin (Heb 10:11), a perfect and sinless body was prepared for Jesus, so that by His personal sacrifice, our sins could be atoned for. Peter tells us that Jesus “Himself bore our sins in His body on the cross” (1 Pet 2:24). This passage emphasizes that it was Jesus’ humanity that bore our sins on the cross as He died in our place paid the penalty for our sins.

The spiritual death of Jesus is commonly recognized by conservative Bible scholars. Norman Geisler states, “Death is separation, and spiritual death is spiritual separation from God.”[10] W. E. Vine adds, “while the physical death of the Lord Jesus was of the essence of His sacrifice, it was not the whole. The darkness symbolized, and His cry expressed, the fact that He was left alone in the Universe, He was ‘forsaken.’”[11] According to R. B. Thieme Jr., “Separated from God the Father, the humanity of Christ died spiritually, and this was the price paid to redeem fallen mankind from the penalty of sin (Rom 6:23a).”[12] Robert Dean states, “We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ was sent by God the Father to pay the penalty for all human sin, make provision for all of mankind to be delivered from spiritual death and certain judgment. Jesus came to redeem mankind (1 Pet 1:18–19) through His efficacious, spiritual, substitutionary death on the cross (2 Cor 5:21; 1 Pet 2:21–24; Isa 53:10–12).”[13] According to Arnold Fruchtenbaum, “The Righteous One suffered and died in place of unrighteous ones, in order to bring them to God. The Messiah died a violent physical death, and He also died a spiritual death.”[14] Robert Gromacki states, “The punishment for sin is both physical and spiritual death (Rom 6:23). At the cross Christ experienced this double death in order to provide both physical and spiritual redemption for lost humanity.”[15] J. Dwight Pentecost states:

The penalty for disobedience to God was death (Gen 2:17). This death was the separation of the sinner from God—that is, spiritual death—and physical death was the result of prior spiritual death. Therefore if Jesus Christ was to satisfy the demands of God’s holiness, righteousness, and justice to provide salvation for people who are dead, He would have to experience the same death that separated them from God. He must enter into spiritual death, as anticipated in the prophetic 22nd Psalm where the sufferer cried, “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?” (Psa 22:1)…Since only that kind of separation or spiritual death could satisfy the demands of a holy, just God, Christ could not have been praying that He would be spared that which was essential.[16]

Paul Karleen adds:

Jesus actually died twice. He was first forsaken by the Father during His time on the cross. This is described in Psa 22:1–21, especially v. 1, the cry of dereliction He quoted on the cross: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt 27:46). This separation from the Father was spiritual death, experienced for others as He was “made” sin (2 Cor 5:21)…The father/son relation had been broken for a few hours as sin was being dealt with…That period of forsaking, involving spiritual death, was what actually paid for sins.[17]

After Jesus paid for our sins, He died physically on the cross, saying “It is finished!” (John 19:30a). John then tells us, “And He bowed His head and gave up His spirit” (John 19:30b). When Jesus died physically, there was a separation of His human spirit from His body. To prove Jesus was physically dead, Scripture records that a Roman soldier “pierced His side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out” (John 19:34). William Hendricksen notes, “The death of Jesus was not a mere semblance; it was real. The apostle had been there himself, and had seen the blood and the water flowing from the side of the Lord.”[18] After Jesus died physically, His body was placed in a grave, and three days later He was resurrected to physical life and seen by hundreds of people (1 Cor 15:3-8), never to die again (Rom 6:9).

Hand Receiving GiftBecause of the work of Jesus on the cross, forgiveness of sins is available to all who come to Him in faith, trusting in Him as Savior. Scripture states, “through Him forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you” (Act 13:38), and “everyone who believes in Him receives forgiveness of sins” (Act 10:43), and “In Him we have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses” (Eph 1:7). In addition, we receive the free gift of eternal life. John wrote, “whoever believes will in Him have eternal life. For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life (John 3:15-16). And Paul stated, “the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord (Rom 6:23). These blessings, and many more, are possible because Jesus died on the cross and paid the penalty for our sins. Salvation is available to you if you’ll simply believe in Christ as your Savior (Acts 4:12; 16:31).

Some might say, “But there is no verse that states that ‘Jesus died spiritually.’” That’s correct. There is no single verse that says it that way. However, an argument from silence does not invalidate a biblical truth. For example, there is also no verse that explicitly says, “God exists as Trinity,” yet the doctrine is true, being an extrapolation from many passages found in Scripture. Additionally, the Bible does not use the phrase, “authority of Scripture,” but the authority of Scripture is clearly a teaching of God’s Word (2 Tim 3:16-17).

There is great complexity and mystery in the suffering of Jesus on the cross. The complexity of the issue is that Jesus is fully God and man. Sin cannot be imputed to deity, as that would corrupt His divine nature. Yet, without corrupting His divine nature, Jesus somehow “bore our sins in His body on the cross” (1 Pet 2:24) and died in our place, “the just for the unjust, so that He might bring us to God” (1 Pet 3:18). Jesus died physically when “He bowed His head and gave up His spirit” (John 19:30). Our ability to reason these things takes us only so far, as our minds are woefully inadequate to grasp the infinitude of the matter. Here, faith must rest in what God has revealed through His written Word.

Summary

The Bible teaches that Jesus experienced both spiritual and physical death on the cross to fully represent and redeem humanity, which suffers from both types of death due to sin. Spiritual death, defined as separation from God, and physical death, the separation of spirit from body, were first introduced when Adam sinned. Jesus, bearing humanity’s sins, endured spiritual death through His separation from God the Father, expressed in His cry, “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt 27:46). This separation was judicial, not a split within the Trinity, and was necessary for atonement for sins. After this period of spiritual separation, Jesus died physically, completing the sacrificial work required for the forgiveness of sins and the provision of eternal life to those who believe in Him. This dual experience of death by Jesus was crucial for the complete redemption of mankind.

Dr. Steven R. Cook

Related Articles:

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[1] Tom Stegall, “Did Christ Die Spiritually and Physically?”, (Vol. 19, No. 86, 2017), p. 1.

[2] William Arndt et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 273.

[3] John F. Walvoord, Matthew: Thy Kingdom Come (Galaxie Software, 2007), 235.

[4] William MacDonald, Believer’s Bible Commentary: Old and New Testaments, ed. Arthur Farstad (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1995), 1309.

[5] Warren W. Wiersbe, The Bible Exposition Commentary, vol. 1 (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1996), 103.

[6] Wayne A. Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Leicester, England; Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; Zondervan Pub. House, 2004), 574.

[7] D. A. Carson, “Matthew,” in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: Matthew, Mark, Luke, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein, vol. 8 (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1984), 579.

[8] Charles C. Ryrie, Biblical Theology of the New Testament (Dubuque, IA: ECS Ministries, 2005), 63.

[9] Tom Stegall, “Did Christ Die Spiritually and Physically?”, (Vol. 19, No. 86, 2017), p. 3.

[10] Norman L. Geisler, Systematic Theology, Volume Three: Sin, Salvation (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers, 2004), 126.

[11] W. E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger, and William White Jr., Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, TN: T. Nelson, 1996), 149.

[12] Robert B. Thieme, Jr. “Cross and Crucifixion”,  Thieme’s Bible Doctrine Dictionary, (Houston, TX., R. B. Thieme, Jr., Bible Ministries, 2022), 50.

[13] Dr. Robert Dean, “Christ Our Spiritual Substitute”, accessed on 7/5/2024, https://www.deanbibleministries.org/doctrinal-statement/item/8-christ-our-spiritual-substitute.

[14] Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Israelology: The Missing Link in Systematic Theology, Rev. ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 1994), 999.

[15] Robert Gromacki, Stand Bold in Grace: An Exposition of Hebrews (The Woodlands, TX: Kress, 2002), 95.

[16] J. Dwight Pentecost and Ken Durham, Faith That Endures: A Practical Commentary on the Book of Hebrews, Rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2000), 96.

[17] Paul S. Karleen, The Handbook to Bible Study: With a Guide to the Scofield Study System (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 264–265.

[18] William Hendriksen and Simon J. Kistemaker, Exposition of the Gospel According to John, vol. 2, New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953–2001), 437.

Jesus’ Return with His Saints

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Jesus Coming with His SaintsWhen Jesus returns to the earth after the time of the seven year Tribulation, He will establish His kingdom on earth.[1] This is a time when humanity will be saved from the tyranny of Satan who currently rules over the earth.[2] At His Second Coming, it is written, “And the armies which are in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, were following Him on white horses” (Rev 19:14). Concerning this passage, Radmacher states, “The armies in heaven may be angelic hosts (Rev 5:11; Matt 26:53), but Revelation 17:14 speaks of those with the Lord at His coming as being ‘called, chosen, and faithful,’ all terms for believers (Rom 1:7; Eph 1:1; 1 Pet 2:9).”[3] Wiersbe adds, “Certainly the angels are a part of this army (Matt 25:31; 2 Th 1:7); but so are the saints (1 Th 3:13; 2 Th 1:10).”[4] Norman Geisler states:

“Before the Tribulation, Christ comes for His bride (1 Th 4:16–17; John 14:3); then, at the end of the Tribulation, He will return with all His saints. Jude wrote, “See, the Lord is coming with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones” (Jude 1:14; cf., Matt 24:29–31). He cannot come with them until He has first come for them; we have identified the time interval between these events as seven years.”[5]

Wayne House comments:

“It is important to remember that when we say “the second coming” of Christ, we are not talking about the rapture that occurs prior to the second coming. The rapture is most clearly presented in 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18. It is characterized in the Bible as a “translation coming” (1 Cor 15:51–52; 1 Th 4:15–17) in which Christ comes for His church. The second advent is Christ returning with His saints, descending from heaven to establish His earthly kingdom (Zech 14:4–5; Matt 24:27–31).”[6]

At His Second Coming, Jesus will put down all rebellion, both human and satanic. The two main leaders of the world, the Antichrist and his false prophet, will be defeated and “thrown alive into the lake of fire which burns with brimstone” (Rev 19:20). Furthermore, those people who followed Antichrist “were killed with the sword which came from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse, and all the birds were filled with their flesh” (Rev 19:21). Afterwards, the Lord will send one of His angels to arrest and imprison Satan (Rev 20:1-3). John wrote about this angel, saying, “And he laid hold of the dragon, the serpent of old, who is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years; and he threw him into the abyss, and shut it and sealed it over him, so that he would not deceive the nations any longer” (Rev 20:2-3a). This will be a time of global deliverance from evil as Messiah reigns over all the earth in perfect righteousness.

Dr. Steven R. Cook

Related Articles:

[1] The subject of Messiah’s earthly kingdom is found throughout the OT (Dan 2:44; 7:13-14; 2 Sam 7:16; Psa 89:3-4, 34-37; Isa 9:6-7; Jer 23:5-6) and the NT (Matt 6:9-10; 19:28; 25:31; Luke 1:31-33; Rev 19:11-16; Rev 20:4-6).

[2] Three times Jesus referred to Satan as “the ruler of this world” (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11). Other passages of Scripture call Satan “the god of this world” (2 Cor 4:4), and “the prince of the power of the air” (Eph 2:2), informing us “that the whole world lies in the power of the evil one” (1 John 5:19). Satan rules as a tyrant who has “weakened the nations” (Isa 14:12), and currently “deceives the whole world” (Rev 12:9). Satan continues to attack God’s people today (1 Pet 5:8), practices deception (2 Cor 11:13-15), and has well developed strategies of warfare (Eph 6:10-12). Furthermore, humanity is living in an “evil age” (Gal 1:4), under “the dominion of Satan” (Acts 26:18), whose sphere of influence is called “the domain of darkness” (Col 1:13).

[3] Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Commentary (Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1999), 1762.

[4] Warren W. Wiersbe, The Bible Exposition Commentary, vol. 2 (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1996), 618.

[5] Norman L. Geisler, Systematic Theology, Volume Four: Church, Last Things (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers, 2005), 618–619.

[6] H. Wayne House and Timothy J. Demy, Answers to Common Questions about Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2011), 75–76.

Defining Salvation in the Bible

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Soteriology is the study of salvation. The word soteriology is derived from the Greek words soter (σωτήρ), which means savior, and logos (λόγος), which means a word about, or the study of something. Soteriology is the sphere of systematic theology that speaks to the nature, means, scope, and purpose of salvation. It is an important theme that runs throughout Scripture and reveals the God who saves.

Bridge_to_SalvationAs Christians, when we think of salvation, it most often pertains to our spiritual deliverance from the lake of fire, which is the place of eternal suffering for those who reject Christ as Savior. John tells us, “if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15). Spiritual salvation is the most important kind of salvation mentioned in the Bible, for it matters little if one is rescued a thousand times from physical danger, but ultimately fails to receive deliverance from the danger of hell. God loves everyone and is “not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to repentance” (2 Pet 3:9). And He has made a way for lost sinners to be saved from hell and brought to heaven, and this through His Son, Jesus, for “there is salvation in no one else; for there is no other name under heaven that has been given among men by which we must be saved” (Acts 4:12).

God’s love for lost humanity is what motivated Him to act. Scripture reveals, “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16). And, “By this the love of God was manifested in us, that God has sent His only begotten Son into the world so that we might live through Him. In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins” (1 John 4:9-10). And, “God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us” (Rom 5:8).

God offers salvation because we are lost in sin and helpless to save ourselves. If we could save ourselves, then the death of Christ would have been unnecessary. But we cannot save ourselves, as our sin renders us helpless before God. A weak understanding of God’s work in salvation will produce a weak gospel, one that tends to emphasize human good and man’s ability to save himself, or to participate in that salvation. When we understand the total depravity of mankind, and that we are totally lost and unable to save ourselves, only then does the work of God through Christ come into its full glory, and love and grace become so pronounced, that lost sinners realize their utterly helpless condition, and turn to Christ alone for that salvation which cannot be secured by any other means. What follows is a look at the meaning of salvation in the Old and New Testament.

Definition of Salvation in the Old Testament

The most common word for salvation in the Hebrew OT is yasha (יָשַׁע – sometimes as יְשׁוּעָה yeshuah) which means “deliverance, rescue, salvation, also safety, [and] welfare.”[1] God is said to deliver His people from military attacks (2 Sam 22:3-4; 1 Ch 16:35; Psa 3:6-8), fear (Psa 34:4), troubles (Psa 34:17), or physical death (Psa 56:13).[2] Earl Radmacher notes, “Often the words save and salvation refer to physical not spiritual deliverance. This is especially true in the Old Testament. People were ‘saved’ (rescued or delivered) from enemies on the battlefield (Deut 20:4), from the lion’s mouth (Dan 6:20), and from the wicked (Psa 59:2).”[3] According to Charles Ryrie:

The most important Hebrew root word related to salvation in the Old Testament is yasha. Originally it meant to be roomy or broad in contrast to narrowness or oppression. Thus it signifies freedom from what binds or restricts, and it came to mean deliverance, liberation, or giving width and breadth to something. Sometimes this deliverance came through the agency of man (e.g., through judges, Judg 2:18; 6:14; 8:22; or kings, 1 Sam 23:2), and sometimes through the agency of Yahweh (Pss 20:6; 34:6; Isa 61:10; Ezek 37:23). Sometimes salvation is individual (Psa 86:1–2) and sometimes corporate, that is, of the nation (Isa 12:2, though all the world will share in it, Isa 45:22; 49:6).[4]

Yahweh is repeatedly referred to as the “the God of my salvation” (Psa 18:46; cf., Psa 25:5; 27:9; 51:14; 88:1; Isa 12:2; 17:10; Mic 7:7; Hab 3:18), and Jonah said, “Salvation is from the LORD” (Jon 2:9). In helpless situations, only God could save His people (Isa 43:11; cf., Isa 45:5-7, 22), and He saved them primarily for His own glory and reputation, as the psalmist states, “He saved them for the sake of His name, that He might make His power known” (Psa 106:8).

When delivering His people from a military threat, there were times when God called His people to do nothing, but watch Him fight their battles (2 Ch 20:17; Hos 1:7). When Israel left Egypt and Pharaoh’s army pursued them, Moses told the people, “Do not fear! Stand by and see the salvation [yeshuah] of the LORD which He will accomplish for you today; for the Egyptians whom you have seen today, you will never see them again forever. The LORD will fight for you while you keep silent” (Ex 14:13-14). Here, the Lord fought alone, killing the Egyptian soldiers who were pursuing His people for the purpose of killing them (see Ex 14:22-31). However, there were times when God required His people to take up arms and engage their enemy, and in those moments He would fight with them, ensuring their victory. For example, when Israel was to enter the land of Canaan, Moses told the people, “the LORD your God is the one who goes with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save [yasha] you” (Deut 20:4). As Israel’s army fought the wicked Canaanites, God would be with them to secure their victory. And David, when standing against Goliath, said, “the battle is the LORD’S and He will give you into our hands” (1 Sam 17:47), and then he picked up his sling and a stone and struck his enemy with a mortal blow (1 Sam 17:48-49). God brought salvation through David, His servant. Liefeld states, “Although military leaders and others bring salvation in specific circumstances, ultimately it is God alone who is the true Savior. Israel had to learn not to trust human wisdom or military strength but to recognize God as the only source of deliverance.”[5] Solomon states the matter well, saying, “The horse is prepared for the day of battle, but victory belongs to the LORD” (Prov 21:31). Today, we might say, the soldier is to train well and keep his weapons clean, ready for action, but always realize it is ultimately God who gives the victory.

There was also a spiritual and eternal salvation for individuals who placed their faith in God. For example, in Genesis 15:6, we’re informed that Abram “believed in the LORD; and He reckoned it to him as righteousness” (Gen 15:6). Henry Morris states, “Here is the great principle of true salvation, set forth for the first time in the Bible. Not by works do men attain or manifest righteousness, but by faith. Because they believe in the Word of God, He credits them with perfect righteousness and therefore enables sinful men to be made fit for the fellowship of a holy God.”[6] And Ryrie adds, “Faith was the necessary condition for salvation in the Old Testament as well as in the New. Abraham believed in the Lord, and the Lord counted it to him for righteousness (Gen 15:6). The Hebrew prefix beth indicates that Abraham confidently rested his faith on God (cf. Ex 14:31; Jon 3:5).”[7]

Definition of Salvation in the New Testament

The concept of salvation in the NT derives from three words. First is the verb sozo (σῴζω), which refers to the act of physical deliverance in some biblical passages (Matt 8:25; 14:30; Mark 13:20; Luke 6:9; John 11:12; Acts 27:20, 31), and spiritual deliverance in others (Luke 7:50; 19:10; John 12:47; 1 Cor 1:21; Tit 3:5). As to our spiritual deliverance, we are saved from the penalty of sin (Rom 8:1, 33-34; Eph 2:8-9), the power of sin (Rom 6:11; Col 3:5), and ultimately the presence of sin (Phil 3:20-21; 1 John 3:2, 5). Second is the noun soter (σωτήρ), which means Savior, and refers to the agent of salvation, the one who rescues or delivers another from harm or danger (Luke 2:11; John 4:42; Acts 5:31; 13:23; Eph 5:23; Phil 3:20). Third is the noun soteria (σωτηρία), which refers to the provision of salvation, rescue, or deliverance brought by another (Luke 1:69; 19:9; John 4:22; Acts 7:25; 13:26, 47; Rom 1:16; 2 Cor 1:6; 6:2; Eph 1:13; Phil 1:28; 2:12; 2 Tim 2:10; Heb 1:14; 9:28; 1 Pet 1:5, 9; 2 Pet 3:15).

The Greek words in the NT communicate the basic meaning of yasha in the Hebrew OT. Radmacher notes, “In the New Testament the verb sōzō (“to save”) and the nouns sōtēr (“Savior”) and sōtēria (“salvation”) parallel the Hebrew word and its derivatives. Thus the Old Testament concept of deliverance is carried over to the New Testament.”[8] Ryrie agrees, saying:

In both the Septuagint and the New Testament the Greek verb sōzō and its cognates sōtēr and sōtēria usually translate yasha˒ and its respective nouns. However, a number of times the sōzō group translates shalom, peace or wholeness, and its cognates. Thus salvation can mean cure, recovery, remedy, rescue, redemption, or welfare. This can be related to preservation from danger, disease, or death (Matt 9:22; Acts 27:20, 31, 34; Heb 5:7).[9]

Earl Radmacher adds:

A number of times, however, sōtēria translates síālôm (“peace” or “wholeness”), which broadens the idea of rescue or deliverance to include recovery, safety, and preservation. There is a progression in these concepts: (a) rescue from imminent and life-threatening danger to (b) a place of safety and security and (c) a position of wholeness and soundness. The narrowness and restriction created by danger is replaced by the “breadth” of liberation in salvation. Visualize a person on the Titanic facing the imminent expectation of drowning and death, but then being placed in a lifeboat. That is rescue. Then picture the person now in the lifeboat removed from danger and death. That is safety. Now picture an ocean liner coming alongside the lifeboat and hoisting it and its passengers aboard ship. Now they enjoy security and soundness of mind. All three ideas are included in the biblical concept of salvation.[10]

The majority of usages of salvation in the NT refer to physical healing or deliverance from what injures, restricts, or threatens harm. For example, when Jesus was traveling between Samaria and Galilee, He healed ten men of leprosy (Luke 17:11-14), and when one of them returned to thank Him (Luke 17:15-16), He told the man, “your faith has made you well [sozo]” (Luke 17:19). In this context, the Greek verb sozo refers to physical deliverance from an infirmity. On another occasion, when Jesus was approaching the city of Jericho, a blind man called out for Jesus to have mercy on him (Luke 18:35-41), and Jesus healed the man, saying, “Receive your sight; your faith has made you well [sozo]” (Luke 18:42). Again, this refers to physical healing. An example of deliverance from physical danger is observed when Jesus came to His disciples when they were on a stormy sea (Matt 14:22-27). When Peter saw Jesus walking on the water, he called out to the Lord and asked to come to Him (Matt 14:28-29). However, as Peter was walking on the water, He took his eyes off Jesus and began looking at the stormy wind, and “he became frightened, and beginning to sink, he cried out, ‘Lord, save me! [sozo]’” (Matt 14:30). Peter was not asking for forgiveness of sins and the gift of eternal life; rather, he was asking Jesus to save him from physical harm as he sinking into the sea. Earl Radmacher states:

When the New Testament uses save and salvation to refer to physical deliverance, those instances are more individual than national. Also the New Testament occurrences suggest not only rescue but also remedy and recovery. A graphic example of rescue from imminent death is God’s sparing Paul’s life in the shipwreck on his way to Rome (Acts 27:20, 31, 34). This case is of special interest in that God promised deliverance in advance (Acts 27:23–24), and Paul confidently moved ahead on those promises (Acts 27:25, 34). In a physical sense salvation refers to being taken from danger to safety (Phil 1:19), from disease to health (Jam 5:15), and from death to life (Jam 5:20).[11]

Often, as Christians, we think of salvation in the spiritual sense, in which we are delivered from our sins and made right with God because of the finished work of Christ on the cross. As believers, we have been “reconciled to God through the death of His Son” (Rom 5:10). We have been made spiritually alive, and “born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead” (1 Pet 1:3). We should realize our salvation appears in three tenses. Lewis Sperry Chafer states:

In its broadest significance, the doctrine of salvation includes every divine undertaking for the believer from his deliverance out of the lost estate to his final presentation in glory conformed to the image of Christ. Since the divine objective is thus all-inclusive, the theme is divided naturally into three tenses: (a) The Christian was saved when he believed (Luke 7:50; Acts 16:30–31; 1 Cor 1:18; 2 Cor 2:15; Eph 2:8; 2 Tim 1:9). This past-tense aspect of it is the essential and unchanging fact of salvation. At the moment of believing, the saved one is completely delivered from his lost estate, cleansed, forgiven, justified, born of God, clothed in the merit of Christ, freed from all condemnation, and safe for evermore. (b) The believer is being saved from the dominion of sin (Rom 6:1–14; 8:2; 2 Cor 3:18; Gal 2:20; 4:19; Phil 1:19; 2:12; 2 Th 2:13). In this second tense of salvation the believer is being divinely preserved and sanctified. (c) The believer is yet to be saved from the presence of sin when presented faultless in glory (Rom 13:11; 1 Th 5:8; Heb 1:14; 9:28; 1 Pet 1:3–5; 1 John 3:1–3). To this may be added other passages which, each in turn, present all three tenses or aspects of salvation—1 Cor 1:30; Phil 1:6; Eph 5:25–27; 1 Th 1:9–10; Tit 2:11–13.[12]

Our spiritual salvation is entirely the work of God through Christ (John 3:16), who took our sin upon Himself on the cross and paid the penalty for it, having been judged in our place (1 Cor 15:3-4). Peter tells us, “Christ also died for sins once for all, the just for the unjust, so that He might bring us to God” (1 Pet 3:18). And this salvation is found exclusively in Christ, for “there is salvation in no one else; for there is no other name under heaven that has been given among men by which we must be saved” (Acts 4:12). One needs only Christ to be saved. God offers salvation to sinful humanity as a gift, given freely and unconditionally to all who believe in Jesus Christ as Savior, believing He died for our sins, was buried, and raised again on the third day (1 Cor 15:3-4). Faith in Christ is the only condition for spiritual salvation.

Summary

Soteriology, the study of salvation, delves into the complex nature, means, scope, and purpose of God’s deliverance. Whether examining God’s deliverance in the Old Testament or the New Testament, this study reveals a salvation that encompasses both physical rescue from harm and spiritual deliverance from sin and eternal suffering. Ultimately, soteriology paints a vivid picture of God’s love and grace, showcasing the inexhaustible depth of His saving plan. At the heart of soteriology is the cross of Christ. The cross is God’s righteous solution to the problem of sin, as well as His greatest display of love toward sinners. At the cross, God judged our sin as His righteousness required, and pardons the sinner as His love desires. To understand the cross of Christ is to understand the heart of God toward a fallen world He wants to save.

Dr. Steven R. Cook

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[1] Francis Brown, Samuel Rolles Driver and Charles Augustus Briggs, Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon, electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 2000), 447.

[2] For other Hebrew words, see W. L. Liefeld, “Salvation,” The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised, vol. 4, (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1979–1988), p. 289.

[3] Earl Radmacher, eds. Charles R. Swindoll and Roy B. Zuck, “Salvation”, Understanding Christian Theology (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2003), 806.

[4] Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 321.

[5] W. L. Liefeld, “Salvation,” ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised, vol. 4 (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1979–1988), 289.

[6] Henry M. Morris, The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1976), 325.

[7] Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Basic Theology, 321.

[8] Earl Radmacher, eds. Charles R. Swindoll and Roy B. Zuck, “Salvation” Understanding Christian Theology (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2003), 805.

[9] Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Basic Theology, 321–322.

[10] Earl Radmacher, eds. Charles R. Swindoll and Roy B. Zuck, “Salvation”, Understanding Christian Theology, 805–806.

[11] Earl Radmacher, eds. Charles R. Swindoll and Roy B. Zuck, “Salvation”, Understanding Christian Theology, 806.

[12] Lewis Sperry Chafer, Systematic Theology, vol. 3 (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1993), 6.

[13] Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Basic Theology, 321–322.

A Christian View of Death

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the-light-of-christ     Once, when I was working in jail ministry, I met a Christian man who told me about his older brother’s death. The incident, he said, had occurred several years earlier. He and his brother were drinking and arguing one afternoon when a fist fight erupted and the older brother fell backwards onto a metal pipe that pierced his heart. The man did all he could to save his brother, but the wound was fatal. His brother, whom he loved, was suddenly gone, and for years he carried the image of his brother’s lifeless body, held in his blood-soaked hands. Tears rolled down his face as he recalled the event. Over time he was able to resolve some of his grief, but while talking with me, he expressed a lingering concern about his brother’s eternal destiny. He was not sure if his brother would spend eternity in heaven or hell. Though his brother claimed to be a Christian, and family and friends spoke well of him at the funeral, the reality was that his brother’s life never reflected the virtues of Christ. Though I could not offer any assurance about his brother’s eternal destiny, I encouraged him to live his life in such a way that when he died, he would not leave his loved ones with any question about the place of Christ in his own life.

     As Christians, we will leave this world either by death or rapture. Excluding Enoch and Elijah (Gen 5:21-24; 2 Ki 2:11), human mortality is 100%. However, like Enoch and Elijah, we too may be spared the experience of death, if we are part of the generation of Christians that are caught up to meet the Lord in the air at the Rapture (1 Thess 4:13-18).

     Death is an uncomfortable subject, but for those who trust in the Lord, it need not be. God knows how frail we are, “He is mindful that we are but dust” (Psa 103:14). David courageously asked the Lord, “Make me to know my end and what is the extent of my days; let me know how transient I am. Behold, You have made my days short in length, and my lifetime as nothing in Your sight; surely every man at his best is a mere breath” (Psa 39:4-5). Job too perceived the brevity of his life and declared, “I will not live forever…for my days are but a breath” (Job 7:16), and James wrote, “you are just a vapor that appears for a little while and then vanishes away” (Jam 4:14b). Leaving this world is inevitable; where we spend eternity is optional. God loves us and sent His Son into the world that He would provide eternal life for us. “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life. For God did not send the Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world might be saved through Him” (John 3:16-17).

     Death was introduced into God’s creation when the first human, Adam, sinned against God. Adam’s sin immediately brought spiritual death (Gen 2:15-17; 3:1-7), and later, physical death (Gen 5:5). Though Adam was made spiritually alive again (Gen 3:21), his single sin introduced death, in every form, into the world (Rom 5:12-14; 1 Cor 15:21-22). Death means separation. Three major kinds of death are mentioned in Scripture:

  1. Spiritual death, which is separation from God in time. Spiritually dead people continue to live until they die physically (Gen 2:16-17; 3:1-7; 5:5; Eph 2:1-2; Col 2:13-14).
  2. Physical death, which is the separation of the soul from the body (Eccl 12:7; 2 Cor 5:8; Phil 1:23-24; 2 Tim 4:6). Though the body ceases to function, the soul moves to a new location, consciously awaiting the resurrection of the body.
  3. Eternal death (aka the “second death”), which is the perpetuation of physical and spiritual separation from God for all eternity (Rev 20:11-15).

Christ-on-the-cross     All persons born into this world are physically alive, but spiritually dead, separated from God, because of Adam’s sin. The Bible reveals, “through one man sin entered into the world, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men, because all sinned [when Adam sinned]” (Rom 5:12), and “in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive” (1 Cor 15:22). Though we are all dead in Adam, God offers new life when we turn to Christ as Savior, reconciling us to Himself through the death of His Son (Rom 5:1-2). Adam’s sin brought death, and Christ’s death brings life.  In Adam I am guilty, in Christ I am righteous. For the Christian, death is not the final victor in eternity. Every person, whether saved or unsaved, will receive a resurrection body that will live forever. Believers will enjoy eternal union with God, but unbelievers will suffer eternal separation from Him. Only those who are born again—by the Spirit of God—have eternal life and will spend forever in heaven (1 Pet 1:3, 23). Eternal life is received by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone (John 3:16; 14:6; Acts 4:12; Gal 2:16; Eph 2:8-9; Tit 3:5). It’s a free gift from God, paid in full by the Lord Jesus (John 19:30), who died for us on the cross and paid the penalty for all our sins, so that we don’t have to pay for them ourselves.

     Scripture reveals God is sovereign over all His creation, either causing or permitting whatsoever comes to pass. God is sovereign over all creation, which means there are no accidental people or events in history. God creates life (Gen 2:7; Job 1:21; Psa 100:3; Acts 17:24-25; Rev 11:11) and controls death (Gen 2:16-17; 3:1-8; 6:17; 2 Ki 5:7; Luke 12:20; Rev 1:18). The Lord declares, “See now that I, I am He, and there is no god besides Me; It is I who put to death and give life. I have wounded and it is I who heal” (Deut 32:39). And, “The LORD kills and makes alive; He brings down to Sheol and raises up” (1 Sam 2:6). God holds final control over our lives, from beginning to end, and preordains our days on the earth. David wrote, “In Your book were all written the days that were ordained for me, when as yet there was not one of them” (Psa 139:16). God’s sovereign control over life and death includes our choices and the choices of others. He desires that we think and act in conformity with His revealed will, but in many cases, He permits us to act, either good or bad, and to reap the consequences of our choices. At physical death, all of life’s decisions are fixed for eternity, and what we do with Christ determines our eternal destiny (John 3:16-18; 1 Cor 15:3-4; Eph 2:8-9). It has been said that procrastination is the thief of time and opportunity, and when one procrastinates about the gospel, it becomes the thief of souls. Please don’t delay. Trust Christ as Savior today and receive eternal life, believing the gospel that He “died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures” (1 Cor 15:3-4). And, like the thief on the cross who trusted in Jesus, you can be assured your soul will immediately go into the presence of God at death (Luke 23:43; cf. 2 Cor 5:8).

Dr. Steven R. Cook

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